Use LODs to create layer in your data set

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Need help using LOD’s – you’re not alone – But how can they be used

Think of your data set as a pyramid.  The data you upload creates the base of the pyramid – the top is the sum of all the data.  LOD expressions give you a way to create layers in your data and use those layers to categorizes data into dynamic groups, sets or ways to workaround the limitations of table calculations - 

LOD Syntax

LODs use a key word – Fixed, Include, or Exclude - followed by a list of dimensions which set the level of the virtual layer you want to create in the data set -  For example

                                {Fixed  [Segment], [Category]    : …

In words it says “make all the combinations of Segment (3 in Superstore data)  and Category (3) ”  and create a layer that consists of 9 total values – then save them so they can be used later

The colon :   is the divider that ends the layer definition and starts the formula of the value to saved –

                                {Fixed  [Segment], [Category]    :   sum(Sales)} 

The result is a new layer in the data at the Segment/Category level

Creating multiple layers 

Adding dimensions before before the colon will define another layer in the data.  To create a new layer that includes Year level place the Year(order date) in the dimension list

{ FIXED [Segment],[Category],year([Order Date]): sum([Sales])}

Now in addition to layer at the Segment/Category level there is a layer at the Segment/Category/Year level

Filtering and the Order of Operation

LOD expressions can be filter but the results will be affected if dimensions placed in the Context Filter

First use a simple filter on a Dimension in the LOD expression – ( Segment ). The results are filtered as you would expect – the Consumer Segment is filtered out of the data – Three of the 9 values of the Segment/Category are filtered out of the result

Context filters affect

Add a filter for a Dimension not in the LOD expression Region in the example – filter the Central region and the 9 values from the LOD are NOT changed -

Change the Region filter to Context – the results do change

What’s going on?  The  position of the Context filter in Order of Operation causes the results to change.

Context filters are applied BEFORE the LOD calculation in the Order of Operation – if a dimension is placed in Context Tableau will apply the filter before the LOD is calculated –

In this case – the Central Region is filtered out before calculating the Segment/Category LOD

Dimension filters are applied AFTER the LOD is calculated – the results reflect the un-filtered Segment/Category LOD

You control when the filters are applied – there is no single correct way – it depends on the result you expect

Use in other calculations

LODs place a value that is aggregated in new virtual layer in the data set, but they are NOT aggregates in themselves.   That’s powerful! 

Replacing Table calculations

A FAQ on the Forum is how to fix a table calculation – but they are built on the table that underlays each worksheet and can’t be carried form one sheet to another.  

LOD’s can be used to "Fix" some table calculations - for example Percent of total 

The table calculation formula for percent of total used Total() and is then calculated down (in this example)

SUM([Sales]) / TOTAL(SUM([Sales]))

LOD’s can be used in the to replace the numerator and denominator

                sum({ FIXED [Segment],[Category]: sum([Sales])})/sum({ FIXED [Category]: sum([Sales])})

The LOD base Percent of Total and now Fixed at the Segment/Category level 

Nested LOD and Table Calculation

LODs can be also be nested directly in Table Calculations - This example dynamically ranks Sub-Category based on annual sales

The LOD below will total Sales at the Sub-Category/Year level

{ FIXED [Sub-Category],Year([Order Date]):sum([Sales])}

Nesting the LOD in a Ranking function (Table Calculation)  will sequence the categories descending each year

RANK_UNIQUE(sum([fixed annual category sales]),'desc')

And return this

LODs in conditional statements and grouping

Need to separate records into groups based on the value of a single dimension?

Use a conditional statement (  if…then  ) in the aggregation portion of the LOD  (after the :  )

This says “for each order and category combination – separate out the Furniture lines and group the remaining as “Other”

      { FIXED [Order ID],[Category] : min(if [Category]="Furniture" then [Category] else "Other" end  ) }

The LOD will categorize each Order/Category combination into one of 2 groups – you can use the LOD like any other dimension in you viz

Include and Exclude LODs

Where Fixed works above the dimension filters in the order of operations Include and Exclude work after the dimension have been applied

Using the same Segment/Category but adding the Include and Exclude version we can see the effect of the LOD

{ FIXED [Segment],[Category]: sum([Sales])}

{ EXCLUDE   [Segment],[Category]: sum([Sales])}

{ INCLUDE  [Segment],[Category]: sum([Sales])}

Include is applied after the dimension filter  Year(order date) is applied and sums at the  Segment/Category for each year

Exclude applies the totals after the Year(order date) is applied and sums across all the Segment/Categories at the year level

I hope this give you a better idea of how LOD expressions give you the flexibility to add different levels in your data set.  They are a powerful tool that can be used in conjunction with conditional statements, table calculations or nested in other LODs.  

Have fun - the best way to learn more is to use them with some simple example 

A Tableau workbook with copies of the examples presented here can be found on my tableau public site   https://public.tableau.com/profile/jim.dehner#!/vizhome/LayeryourdatawithLODs/FixedSegCatyrsumsales

Jim